X

The Struggle for Girls’ Education in Afghanistan

Introduction

Education is a fundamental human right and a key factor for social and economic development. However, in Afghanistan, girls and women have been systematically denied this right for decades, especially under the Taliban regime. The recent takeover of power by the Taliban in August 2021 has reversed the significant progress made in girls’ education in the past 20 years and put millions of girls and young women at risk of losing their access to formal education. This article will explore the history, challenges and prospects of girls’ education in Afghanistan, and highlight the importance of international support and advocacy for the rights of Afghan women and girls.

History of Girls’ Education in Afghanistan

Girls’ education in Afghanistan has a long and turbulent history, marked by periods of progress and regression depending on the political and security situation in the country. Before the Soviet invasion in 1979, Afghanistan had a relatively modern education system that was open to both boys and girls. However, the subsequent civil war and the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s severely disrupted the education sector and imposed strict restrictions on girls’ education.

Under the Taliban rule, girls were banned from attending school and women were prohibited from working as teachers or administrators. Only a few clandestine schools operated by brave individuals or organizations provided some opportunities for girls to learn in secret. After the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001, girls’ education became a priority for the new government and its international partners. With the support of various donors and agencies, such as UNESCO, UNICEF, USAID and others, millions of girls returned to school and thousands of female teachers were trained and employed.

The number of girls enrolled in primary school increased from almost zero in 2001 to 2.5 million in 20181. The number of women in higher education increased almost 20 times, from 5,000 female students in 2001 to over 100,000 in 2021. Literacy rates for women doubled during the period, from 17% of women being able to read and write in 2001 to nearly 30% for all age groups combined.

However, despite these achievements, girls’ education still faced many challenges and barriers, such as insecurity, poverty, cultural norms, social stigma, early marriage, lack of infrastructure and qualified teachers, and gender-based violence. According to UNESCO. nearly 30% of girls in Afghanistan have never entered primary education. In rural areas, where most of the population lives, only 15% of girl’s complete primary school compared to 51% of boys. The gender gap widens further at higher levels of education, with only 5% of rural girls reaching secondary school compared to 32% of rural boys. Moreover, many schools have been attacked or closed due to conflict or threats by armed groups, affecting millions of students and teachers.

Current Situation of Girls’ Education in Afghanistan

The current situation of girls’ education in Afghanistan is dire and uncertain. Since the Taliban takeover of power in August 2021, they have banned secondary education for girls and suspended university education for women until further notice. This means that over 1.1 million girls and young women are currently deprived of their right to formal education1. The Taliban have claimed that they will allow girls to resume their studies once they establish a "safe learning environment" that conforms to their interpretation of Islamic law. However, they have not provided any clear timeline or details on what this entails or how it will be implemented.

The Taliban’s ban on girls’ education has sparked widespread condemnation and concern from the international community, human rights groups, civil society organizations, and Afghan women themselves. Many fear that the ban will erase the gains made in girls’ education over the past two decades and push millions of girls into illiteracy, poverty, marginalization and vulnerability. Some also worry that the ban will be used as a bargaining chip by the Taliban to gain recognition or legitimacy from other countries or entities.

Despite the ban, some girls and teachers are risking their lives to attend secret schools or home-based classes organized by courageous individuals or groups who believe in the value and power of education. These informal initiatives provide some hope and resilience for those who refuse to give up on their dreams and aspirations. However, they also face many challenges and dangers, such as lack of resources, harassment, intimidation, and violence.

Prospects and Recommendations for Girls’ Education in Afghanistan

The prospects and recommendations for girls’ education in Afghanistan depend largely on the political and security situation in the country, as well as the international response and engagement. The Taliban’s ban on girls’ education is not only a violation of human rights, but also a threat to the development and stability of Afghanistan and the region. Educated women are essential for the social, economic, and political progress of any society, as they contribute to various sectors and fields, such as health, agriculture, business, governance, peacebuilding, and more. Moreover, educating girls has positive spillover effects on their families and communities, such as reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, increasing income, enhancing civic participation, and preventing radicalization.

Therefore, it is imperative that the international community continues to support and advocate for the rights of Afghan women and girls to access quality education at all levels. Some of the possible actions that can be taken are:

• Applying diplomatic pressure and sanctions on the Taliban to respect and protect the rights of women and girls, especially their right to education, as a condition for any recognition or cooperation.
• Providing humanitarian assistance and protection to girls and women who are displaced, vulnerable, or at risk due to the conflict or the ban on education.
Supporting civil society organizations and local initiatives that are working to provide informal or alternative education opportunities for girls and women in Afghanistan.
• Promoting dialogue and engagement with religious and community leaders who can influence the attitudes and behaviors of the Taliban and the society towards girls’ education.
• Monitoring and documenting the situation of girls’ education in Afghanistan and raising awareness about its importance and challenges.

Conclusion

Girls’ education in Afghanistan is a critical issue that affects not only the lives and futures of millions of girls and women, but also the development and peace of the country and the region. The Taliban’s ban on girls’ education is a retrograde step that undermines the progress made in the past 20 years and violates the human rights of half of the population. The international community must not abandon or ignore the plight of Afghan women and girls, but rather stand with them in solidarity and support. Education is a powerful tool for empowerment, transformation, and resilience. It is also a source of hope and dignity for those who seek to overcome oppression and adversity.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

What is Social Justice and Why Does It Matter?

Social justice is a term that has been used to describe the fair treatment and equitable status of all individuals and social groups within a state or society. It is based on the idea that all people should have the same rights and opportunities and that a country’s wealth and resources should benefit everyone in that country. Social justice also aims to promote the common good, foster individual self-development and self-determination, and protect human rights.

Social justice matters because it reflects the values and principles of a democratic society. It challenges the existing inequalities, injustices, and oppressions that affect millions of people around the world. It recognizes the dignity and worth of every human being and strives to create a more inclusive, diverse, and respectful society.

Some of the main principles of social justice are:

• Equality: Everyone should be treated equally and fairly regardless of their race, gender, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, or any other characteristic. Equality means ensuring that everyone has equal access to opportunities, resources, and services that meet their needs and aspirations.
• Equity: Everyone should receive what they need to achieve their full potential and overcome the barriers that limit their opportunities. Equity means recognizing and addressing the historical and structural disadvantages that some groups face and providing them with additional support or compensation.
• Diversity: Everyone should be valued and respected for their unique identities, cultures, perspectives, and experiences. Diversity means celebrating the differences that enrich our society and fostering a sense of belonging and inclusion for all.
• Participation: Everyone should have a voice and a say in the decisions that affect their lives and communities. Participation means ensuring that people can exercise their civil and political rights, such as voting, protesting, organizing, or petitioning. It also means creating spaces for dialogue, consultation, collaboration, and co-creation among different stakeholders.
• Human rights: Everyone should enjoy the basic rights and freedoms that are essential for a dignified and decent life. Human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, and inalienable. They include civil and political rights (such as the rights to life, liberty, expression, and assembly), economic and social rights (such as the rights to work, education, health, and social security), and solidarity or group rights (such as the rights to self-determination, development, and environmental protection)1.

Social justice is not only a moral obligation but also a legal obligation. Many countries have adopted constitutions, laws, policies, or international treaties that uphold the principles of social justice. Some examples are:

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which proclaims that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” and sets out a range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights for everyone.
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), which recognizes the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, housing, health care, education, social security, and cultural participation.
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), which affirms the equal rights of women in all spheres of life and calls for the elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against women.
• The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), which promotes the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in society and protects their rights to accessibility, autonomy, equality, dignity, respect, and justice.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (2015), which are a set of 17 global goals that aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all by 2030.

Social justice is not only a goal but also a process. It requires constant efforts from individuals, groups, organizations, and governments to challenge and change the status quo and to create and sustain a more just and fair society for all. Social justice is not only a responsibility but also an opportunity. It offers us a chance to build bridges across differences, to learn from each other, to collaborate for common causes, and to contribute to the well-being of ourselves and others.

Social justice is not only a concept but also a practice. It invites us to ask ourselves: How can we make our society more just? How can we respect and value the diversity of our society? How can we ensure that everyone has a voice and a choice in our society? How can we protect and promote the human rights of our society? How can we work together to achieve the social justice of our society?

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Women’s Political Participation: Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction

Women’s political participation is a fundamental prerequisite for gender equality and genuine democracy. It facilitates women’s direct engagement in public decision-making and is a means of ensuring better accountability to women. However, data show that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making worldwide and that achieving gender parity in political life is far off. This article will explore some of the facts and figures, challenges and opportunities, and recommendations for enhancing women’s political participation.

Facts and Figures

According to UN Women, as of 1 January 2023, there are 31 countries where 34 women serve as Heads of State and/or Government. However, at the current rate, gender equality in the highest positions of power will not be reached for another 130 years. Just 17 countries have a woman Head of State, and 19 countries have a woman Head of Government.

Women also face barriers to access ministerial positions. First-time compiled data by UN Women show that women represent 22.8 percent of Cabinet members heading Ministries, leading a policy area as of 1 January 2023. There are only 13 countries in which women hold 50 percent or more of the positions of Cabinet Ministers leading policy areas. The five most commonly held portfolios by women Cabinet Ministers Are Women and gender equality, followed by Family and children affairs, Social inclusion and development, Social protection and social security, and Indigenous and minority affairs.

In national parliaments, women account for only 26.5 per cent of parliamentarians in single or lower houses, up from 11 per cent in 1995. Only six countries have 50 per cent or more women in parliament in single or lower houses: Rwanda (61 per cent), Cuba (53 per cent), Nicaragua (52 per cent), Mexico (50 per cent), New Zealand (50 per cent), and the United Arab Emirates (50 per cent). At the current rate of progress, gender parity in national legislative bodies will not be achieved before 2063.

Women’s representation varies across regions and countries. Women hold 36 per cent of parliamentary seats in Latin America and the Caribbean and make up 32 per cent of parliamentarians in Europe and Northern America. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there are 26 per cent of women legislators followed by Eastern and South-Eastern Asia with 22 per cent, Oceania with 20 per cent, Central and Southern Asia with 19 per cent and Northern Africa and Western Asia with 18 per cent of women Members of Parliament.

At the local level, data from 136 countries shows that women constitute nearly 3 million (34 per cent) of elected members in local deliberative bodies.

Challenges and Opportunities

Women face several obstacles to participating in political life. Structural barriers through discriminatory laws and institutions still limit women’s options to run for office. Capacity gaps mean women are less likely than men to have the education, contacts and resources needed to become effective leaders. As the 2011 UN General Assembly resolution on women’s political participation notes, “Women in every part of the world continue to be largely marginalized from the political sphere, often as a result of discriminatory laws, practices, attitudes and gender stereotypes, low levels of education, lack of access to health care and the disproportionate effect of poverty on women.”

Some of the specific challenges that women encounter includes:

• Lack of political will and commitment from political parties, governments and other stakeholders to promote women’s political participation
• Lack of legal frameworks or enforcement mechanisms that guarantee women’s equal rights and opportunities to participate in public life
• Lack of financial resources and support for women candidates and elected officials
• Lack of access to media coverage and visibility for women’s issues and perspectives
• Lack of training and mentoring for women leaders and aspiring candidates
• Lack of safety and security for women involved in politics
• Lack of solidarity and networking among women across political parties, sectors and movements
• Lack of recognition and appreciation for women’s contributions and achievements in politics

Despite these challenges, there are also many opportunities for advancing women’s political participation. Some of these include:

• Increasing awareness and demand from civil society, especially women’s organizations, for greater inclusion and representation of women in politics
• Increasing evidence and advocacy on the benefits and impacts of women’s political participation for democracy, development and peace
• Increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social media to mobilize and empower women in politics
• Increasing adoption and implementation of affirmative action measures, such as quotas, reserved seats and parity laws, to increase women’s representation in political bodies
• Increasing support and cooperation from regional and international organizations, such as the UN, the African Union, the European Union, the Organization of American States, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and others, to promote women’s political participation
• Increasing emergence and recognition of women leaders and role models in various fields and sectors

Recommendations

To enhance women’s political participation, UN Women recommends the following actions:

• Adopt and implement legal and constitutional reforms that guarantee women’s equal rights and opportunities to participate in public life
• Adopt and implement affirmative action measures, such as quotas, reserved seats and parity laws, to increase women’s representation in political bodies at all levels
• Provide financial and technical support for women candidates and elected officials, including through public funding, campaign financing and capacity building
• Ensure equal access to media coverage and visibility for women’s issues and perspectives, including through gender-sensitive media policies and guidelines
• Provide training and mentoring for women leaders and aspiring candidates, including on leadership skills, communication skills, policy analysis and advocacy
• Ensure safety and security for women involved in politics, including through legal protection, prevention and response mechanisms to address violence against women in politics
• Foster solidarity and networking among women across political parties, sectors and movements, including through cross-party caucuses, coalitions and platforms
• Recognize and appreciate women’s contributions and achievements in politics, including through awards, celebrations and documentation

Conclusion

Women’s political participation is essential for achieving gender equality and genuine democracy. However, women face many barriers to participating in political life. To overcome these barriers, concerted efforts are needed from all stakeholders, including political parties, governments, civil society, media, regional and international organizations, and women themselves. By enhancing women’s political participation, we can create a more inclusive, representative and responsive political system that works for all.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Human rights in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has been a country that has been plagued by war and conflict for decades, and the human rights situation in the country has been a major concern for the international community. The situation in Afghanistan is complex, with many different groups vying for power and control, and this has led to a range of human rights abuses.

One of the most significant issues facing Afghanistan is the treatment of women and girls. Women in Afghanistan face a range of challenges, including discrimination, violence, and limited access to education and healthcare. The Taliban regime, which ruled the country from 1996 to 2001, enforced strict laws and customs that severely restricted the rights and freedoms of women. While progress has been made since then, women and girls in Afghanistan still face significant challenges.

Another major issue facing Afghanistan is the treatment of ethnic and religious minorities. The Hazara community, in particular, has faced discrimination and violence, and there have been reports of targeted killings and other abuses. The country's Shi'a Muslim minority has also faced persecution, and there have been reports of attacks on their places of worship. Freedom of expression and the press is another area of concern in Afghanistan. Journalists and activists have been targeted and threatened, and there have been reports of censorship and restrictions on the media. The government has also been accused of cracking down on dissent and opposition voices.

The human rights situation in Afghanistan is further complicated by the ongoing conflict and the presence of armed groups. Civilians have been caught in the crossfire, and there have been reports of civilian casualties and human rights abuses by all sides. The use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has also led to high numbers of civilian casualties.

Despite these challenges, there have been some positive developments in Afghanistan in recent years. The country has made progress in improving access to education and healthcare, and there have been efforts to promote gender equality and women's rights. The Afghan government has also taken steps to address some of the human rights abuses, including by signing international human rights treaties and establishing institutions to monitor and promote human rights. However, much more needs to be done to improve the human rights situation in Afghanistan. The international community has an important role to play in supporting the Afghan government and civil society organizations in their efforts to promote and protect human rights. This includes providing financial support, technical assistance, and diplomatic pressure to address human rights abuses and promote reforms.

In conclusion, the human rights situation in Afghanistan remains a major concern, with many different challenges facing the country. While progress has been made in some areas, much more needs to be done to promote and protect the rights and freedoms of all Afghans, particularly women and minorities. The international community must continue to support the Afghan government and civil society organizations in their efforts to improve the human rights situation in the country.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Religious pluralism from Rumi's point of view

Jalaluddin Rumi, the 13th-century Persian poet, theologian, and mystic, is known for his writings on love, spirituality, and the search for truth. Rumi's teachings emphasize the importance of religious pluralism, the idea that multiple religions can coexist and be appreciated for their unique perspectives on the divine. Rumi's perspective on religious pluralism is rooted in his Sufi beliefs and his deep respect for all religions. Rumi believed that all religions are ultimately seeking the same truth and that there are many paths to reach that truth. He wrote, "The lamps are different, but the light is the same." Rumi believed that different religions are like different lamps, illuminating different facets of the same divine truth. He argued that there is no need for conflict or animosity between religions, as they are all ultimately seeking the same thing.

Rumi's teachings on religious pluralism are also reflected in his poetry. In many of his poems, Rumi uses imagery and symbolism from different religions to illustrate his points. For example, he often uses Christian and Islamic metaphors side by side to show the universality of his message. This approach allows Rumi to speak to people of all faiths and to show that the teachings of different religions can be complementary rather than contradictory.

Rumi's teachings on religious pluralism are particularly relevant today, as the world is becoming increasingly diverse and interconnected. In many parts of the world, people of different religions and cultures are living side by side. Rumi's perspective on religious pluralism can help to promote understanding and respect between different communities, and to foster a sense of unity and shared humanity.

However, Rumi's teachings on religious pluralism are not without their challenges. In some cases, religious differences can be a source of conflict, and it can be difficult to reconcile different beliefs and practices. Rumi's perspective on religious pluralism requires a willingness to look beyond surface-level differences and to appreciate the underlying spiritual truths that unite all religions.

In conclusion, Rumi's teachings on religious pluralism emphasize the importance of recognizing the commonalities between different religions and appreciating the unique perspectives that each religion brings. Rumi's perspective on religious pluralism is rooted in his Sufi beliefs and his deep respect for all religions. His teachings are particularly relevant today, as the world becomes increasingly diverse and interconnected. Rumi's teachings on religious pluralism can help to promote understanding and respect between different communities and to foster a sense of unity and shared humanity.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Social justice

Social justice is a concept that refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among all members of a society. It is an ideal that aims to eliminate inequality, discrimination, and oppression in all forms, and to ensure that all individuals have access to the basic necessities of life, such as education, healthcare, and housing.

At its core, social justice is about creating a society that values and respects the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or socioeconomic status. It recognizes that not all members of a society have the same access to resources and opportunities, and seeks to rectify this by promoting policies and practices that promote equity and inclusion.

One of the key components of social justice is the promotion of human rights. This includes the right to life, liberty, and security of person, as well as other basic rights such as the right to education, healthcare, and housing. Social justice also encompasses the right to equal treatment under the law, regardless of one's race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics. This requires the elimination of systemic racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination that create barriers to equal opportunities and outcomes for all members of society.

Another important aspect of social justice is the concept of distributive justice. This refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources and opportunities among members of society. This includes access to education, healthcare, and other public services, as well as economic resources such as wealth and income. Distributive justice recognizes that not all members of society have the same access to these resources, and seeks to address this through policies and programs that promote equal access and opportunity.

Social justice also involves the promotion of procedural justice, which refers to the fair and equitable administration of laws and policies. This includes ensuring that all individuals have equal access to the legal system, and that laws and policies are applied fairly and consistently across all members of society. Finally, social justice requires the active participation and engagement of individuals and communities. This means that all members of society have a responsibility to promote and uphold social justice, and to work towards the elimination of inequality and discrimination in all forms. This includes speaking out against injustice, advocating for policies and programs that promote equity and inclusion, and actively working to create a more just and equitable society.

In conclusion, social justice is a fundamental concept that seeks to promote fairness, equity, and inclusion in all aspects of society. It recognizes that not all members of society have the same access to resources and opportunities, and seeks to rectify this through policies and practices that promote human rights, distributive justice, procedural justice, and active engagement and participation. By working towards social justice, we can create a society that values and respects the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, and that promotes equality, justice, and opportunity for all.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Women political activities in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has a long history of traditional and patriarchal societies, where women's participation in politics has been limited. However, in recent years, women in Afghanistan have been increasingly involved in political activities, challenging societal norms and advocating for their rights and representation. One of the most significant milestones for women's political participation in Afghanistan was the adoption of the country's constitution in 2004, which included provisions guaranteeing women's rights and their participation in political life. Since then, women have taken on various roles in politics, including as cabinet ministers, members of parliament, and civil society activists

In 2018, Afghanistan held parliamentary elections, which saw an increase in the number of women running for office. More than 400 women stood as candidates, and 69 were elected to the parliament. This was a significant increase from the 2010 parliamentary elections, where only 68 women stood as candidates, and 28 were elected.

Women's participation in politics has not been without challenges and risks. Women who have entered politics or taken on leadership roles have faced threats, harassment, and violence, particularly from conservative groups opposed to their involvement in politics. Female politicians have been targeted by Taliban militants, and there have been reports of female candidates being threatened, kidnapped, or even killed.

Despite these challenges, women in Afghanistan continue to push for their rights and representation in politics. Women's groups and civil society organizations have been advocating for women's inclusion in peace talks and negotiations, arguing that women's perspectives and experiences are critical to achieving a sustainable and inclusive peace.

Women's political participation has also been crucial in advancing women's rights in Afghanistan. Women's groups and activists have been advocating for reforms and changes in laws and policies that discriminate against women and limit their opportunities. For example, women's rights activists have been advocating for changes to the country's inheritance laws, which currently favor male heirs over female heirs.

In conclusion, women's political participation in Afghanistan has come a long way in recent years, but there is still a long way to go. Women in Afghanistan continue to face significant challenges and risks when taking on political roles, but their participation is crucial to achieving a sustainable and inclusive peace, advancing women's rights, and promoting gender equality. The Afghan government and the international community must continue to support women's political participation and work to address the challenges and risks they face.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

The Struggle for Human Rights in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has been ravaged by war and political instability for decades, and this has had a significant impact on the country's human rights situation. Despite some progress in recent years, Afghanistan remains one of the worst countries in the world for human rights violations. This article will explore the current state of human rights in Afghanistan and the challenges that lie ahead.

Freedom of Expression and Press:

Freedom of expression and press are crucial components of any democratic society, but in Afghanistan, they are under constant threat. Journalists and media workers face targeted attacks by the Taliban and other armed groups, and many have been killed or intimidated into silence. In addition, the government has been known to restrict access to information and censor critical reporting.

Women's Rights:

Afghanistan has one of the worst records when it comes to women's rights. Women face widespread discrimination and violence, and their access to education and healthcare is limited. The Taliban's strict interpretation of Islamic law has also led to the imposition of harsh restrictions on women's freedoms, including their ability to work and move freely in public.

Children's Rights:

Children are among the most vulnerable groups in Afghanistan, and they face a range of challenges, including poverty, lack of access to education, and recruitment by armed groups. Child marriage is also a widespread issue, with many girls being forced into marriage at a young age, which often leads to physical and emotional abuse.

The Way Forward:

Despite these challenges, there have been some positive developments in recent years. For example, in 2019, Afghanistan passed a law criminalizing child marriage, and there have been some efforts to promote women's rights and gender equality. However, much more needs to be done to ensure that all Afghans can enjoy their human rights.

It is essential that the government takes steps to protect freedom of expression and press, and ensure that journalists and media workers can operate safely without fear of reprisal. There needs to be greater investment in education and healthcare, particularly for women and children, and efforts must be made to address the root causes of poverty and inequality.

In conclusion, Afghanistan faces significant challenges when it comes to protecting human rights. However, with the right policies and investments, there is hope that the country can move towards a future where all Afghans can enjoy their fundamental human rights.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Afghanistan’s opportunities and challenges in the next decade

Afghanistan is facing a critical juncture in its history, as it adjusts to a new political and economic reality following the withdrawal of US and NATO forces and the takeover of the Taliban in August 2021. The country is grappling with multiple challenges, such as insecurity, poverty, humanitarian crisis, human rights violations, regional instability and isolation from the international community. At the same time, the country has some opportunities to leverage its natural resources, human capital, regional cooperation and potential dialogue with the Taliban and other stakeholders to achieve peace and development. This article will explore some of the main opportunities and challenges that Afghanistan will face in the next decade.

Opportunities:

One of the opportunities for Afghanistan is to exploit its rich mineral resources, which are estimated to be worth up to $3 trillion. Afghanistan has deposits of copper, iron, gold, lithium, rare earths and other minerals that could generate revenues and jobs for the country. China, which has invested in some of these projects, such as the Mes Aynak copper mine, has expressed interest in engaging with the Taliban and expanding its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Afghanistan. However, developing these resources will require security, infrastructure, governance and environmental safeguards, which are currently lacking in Afghanistan.

Another opportunity for Afghanistan is to invest in its human capital, especially its youth and women. Afghanistan has a young population, with more than 60% under the age of 25. Many of these young people have received education and training under the previous government and have aspirations for a better future. Women have also made significant gains in education, health and political participation over the past two decades. These human resources could be harnessed to contribute to the social and economic development of the country. However, this will depend on whether the Taliban respect human rights and allow women and girls to access education and work.

A third opportunity for Afghanistan is to enhance its regional cooperation and integration with its neighbors and beyond. Afghanistan is strategically located at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It could benefit from trade, transit, energy and connectivity projects that link these regions. For instance, Afghanistan could participate in the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline project or the Central Asia-South Asia (CASA-1000) electricity transmission project. It could also join regional platforms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) or the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). However, this will require political stability, security cooperation and trust-building among the regional actors.

A fourth opportunity for Afghanistan is to initiate a dialogue with the Taliban and other stakeholders to achieve a political settlement and a lasting peace. The Taliban have stated that they are willing to form an inclusive government and engage with other Afghan factions as well as the international community. The UN has also called for a resumption of peace talks among Afghans under its auspices. A negotiated solution could end decades of war and violence in Afghanistan and pave the way for reconstruction and reconciliation. However, this will require compromise, consensus and commitment from all sides involved.

Challenges

One of the challenges for Afghanistan is to address its insecurity and terrorism threats that pose risks to its stability and development. The Taliban have not been able to establish effective control over the entire country or prevent attacks by rival groups such as the Islamic State (IS) or local militias. The Taliban have also faced resistance from some segments of society who oppose their rule or demand their rights. The security situation remains volatile and unpredictable, with frequent clashes, bombings and assassinations. The withdrawal of US and NATO forces has also reduced their counterterrorism capabilities and intelligence support in Afghanistan.

Another challenge for Afghanistan is to tackle its poverty and humanitarian crisis that affect millions of people across the country. According to the World Bank1, Afghanistan’s economy contracted by about 20% in 2021 due to a sharp decline in public spending, lower household incomes and reduced consumption. Poverty is expected to remain widespread, with over two-thirds of households struggling to cover basic expenses. The humanitarian situation is also dire, with more than 18 million people in need of assistance2, including food, water, health care, shelter and protection. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these challenges.

A third challenge for Afghanistan is to protect its human rights and uphold its international obligations that are essential for its legitimacy and credibility. The Taliban have been accused of committing serious human rights violations against civilians, especially women, girls and minorities. The Taliban have also imposed a strict interpretation of Islamic law and restricted basic freedoms such as expression, assembly and movement. The Taliban have also failed to honor their commitments under the Doha agreement with the US, such as cutting ties with al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups or releasing prisoners. The Taliban have also faced international isolation and sanctions due to their actions.

A fourth challenge for Afghanistan is to reform its governance and institutions that are crucial for its functionality and accountability. The Taliban have not yet formed a representative and inclusive government that reflects the diversity and aspirations of the Afghan people. The Taliban have also not established a clear legal and administrative framework that defines the roles and responsibilities of different authorities and agencies. The Taliban have also not addressed the issues of corruption, mismanagement and inefficiency that plagued the previous government. The Taliban have also not restored the banking system and payment services that are vital for the economy and aid delivery.

Conclusion

Afghanistan is undergoing a major transition that will have profound implications for its future. The country faces enormous opportunities and challenges in the next decade that will require vision, leadership and cooperation from all stakeholders. The international community has a role to play in supporting Afghanistan’s peace and development, but ultimately the fate of Afghanistan lies in the hands of its own people.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF

X

Consequences of NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan

For Afghanistan

The withdrawal of NATO forces has left a power vacuum in Afghanistan, which was quickly filled by the Taliban, the Islamist militant group that ruled the country from 1996 to 2001. The Taliban launched a sweeping offensive in May 2021, capturing most of the country’s districts and provincial capitals, including Kabul, the capital city. The Afghan government and the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF), which had been trained and supported by NATO for years, collapsed in a matter of weeks.

The Taliban takeover has triggered a humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan, with millions of people fleeing their homes, seeking safety and basic services. Many Afghans fear a return to the harsh rule of the Taliban, which imposed a strict interpretation of Islamic law and denied basic rights to women and minorities. The Taliban have promised to respect human rights and form an inclusive government, but their actions have raised doubts about their sincerity.

The withdrawal of NATO forces has also created a security vacuum in Afghanistan, which could be exploited by terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (IS). Both groups have a history of operating in Afghanistan and have vowed to continue their fight against the West. The Taliban have pledged to prevent Afghanistan from becoming a safe haven for terrorists, but their relationship with al-Qaeda remains unclear. The US and its allies have retained the capability to conduct counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan from over the horizon, but their effectiveness and accuracy may be limited by the lack of intelligence and local partners on the ground.

For the region

The withdrawal of NATO forces has reshaped the geopolitical landscape in South and Central Asia. The neighboring countries of Afghanistan have been affected by the influx of refugees, the threat of instability and violence spilling over their borders, and the emergence of new opportunities and challenges for cooperation and competition.

Pakistan, which shares a long and porous border with Afghanistan, has been accused of supporting the Taliban for decades as a way to counter India’s influence in the region. Pakistan has welcomed the Taliban’s return to power as a victory for its strategic interests, but it also faces the risk of increased terrorism and radicalization within its own territory. Pakistan has also been trying to balance its relations with China, its main ally and economic partner, and the US, its former ally and aid donor.

Iran, which also shares a border with Afghanistan, has been wary of the Taliban’s Sunni ideology and their treatment of Shia minorities. Iran has maintained contacts with the Taliban as well as other Afghan factions to protect its interests and influence in Afghanistan. Iran has also been seeking to expand its ties with China and Russia, which have been critical of the US withdrawal and have expressed interest in engaging with the Taliban.

India, which has invested billions of dollars in development projects and diplomatic initiatives in Afghanistan, has been alarmed by the Taliban’s takeover and its implications for India’s security and regional role. India has been a target of terrorist attacks by groups linked to Pakistan and the Taliban. India has also been competing with China for influence and resources in South Asia. India has not recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, but it has opened channels of communication with them.

China, which borders Afghanistan through a narrow corridor in its western region of Xinjiang, has been concerned about the potential spillover of terrorism and instability into its territory. China has also been eyeing Afghanistan’s rich mineral resources and strategic location as part of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a global infrastructure and investment project. China has recognized the Taliban as the de facto authority in Afghanistan, but it has also urged them to cut ties with terrorist groups and respect human rights.

Russia, which invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and withdrew in 1989 after a decade-long war against mujahideen fighters backed by the US and Pakistan, has been watching the US withdrawal with a mix of satisfaction and apprehension. Russia has accused the US of creating chaos and leaving behind a security threat in Afghanistan. Russia has also been cultivating relations with the Taliban as well as other regional actors such as Iran, China, Pakistan and India to protect its interests and influence in Central Asia.

For NATO

The withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan has raised questions about the future of the alliance, its mission and its relevance. The decision to withdraw was made by the US, the leader and largest contributor of NATO, without sufficient consultation and coordination with its allies. The execution of the withdrawal was chaotic and hasty, leaving behind thousands of Afghans who had worked with NATO and were eligible for evacuation. The withdrawal also exposed the lack of unity and trust among NATO members, as well as the gaps in their capabilities and resources.

The withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan has also challenged the alliance’s core values and principles, such as democracy, human rights and the rule of law. The withdrawal has been seen by some as a betrayal of the Afghan people, especially women and girls, who had made significant gains in education, health and political participation under NATO’s protection. The withdrawal has also been seen by some as a failure of the alliance’s collective defense and security objectives, which were invoked for the first time after the 9/11 attacks.

The withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan has also implications for the alliance’s global role and reputation. The withdrawal has been perceived by some as a sign of weakness and retreat by the West, which could embolden its adversaries such as Russia, China, Iran and North Korea. The withdrawal has also been perceived by some as a loss of credibility and reliability by the West, which could undermine its alliances and partnerships with other countries and regions.

Conclusion

The withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan is a historic event that marks the end of a long and costly war. The withdrawal has profound consequences for Afghanistan, the region and NATO, which will have to deal with the political, humanitarian, security and strategic implications for years to come. The withdrawal also presents an opportunity for reflection and learning for NATO, which will have to adapt to a changing world and address new challenges and threats. The withdrawal also presents an opportunity for dialogue and cooperation for Afghanistan and its neighbors, which will have to find ways to achieve peace and stability in their common interest.

Written by: Sayed Habibullah Hossaini Administer of the YSF